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Paediatric Imaging

Airway obstruction, upper

The clinical presentation of upper airways obstruction depends on the cause. The main symptoms are inspiratory stridor if there is airway malformation or obstruction, or mouth breathing if the obstruction is to the passage of nasal air.

Causes:

Neonate
Choanal atresia
Tumour, nasopharyngeal, congenital
Transphenoidal encephalocoeles
Malformations, e.g. Pierre Robin syndrome or micrognathia
Laryngeal haemangioma
Vocal cord paralysis
Tracheomalacia
Vascular rings
Lymphangioma and haemangioma
Duplication anomalies

Infant - Toddler
As for neonate, and in addition:

Infection	Epiglottitis acute
	Laryngotracheobronchitis
	(Diphtheria)
	(Polio)
	Tonsillar and adenoidal enlargement
Tumours	Nasopharyngeal :	Rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue
		Lymphoma
		Cervical neuroblastoma
		haemangioma / Lymphangioma
		Mediastinal tumours
		Fibromatosis colli
Trauma	Foreign body inhalation
	Direct neck injury
Loss of central drive

Older
Tumour		Rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue
		Lymphoma
		Carcinoma
		Juvenile angiofibroma
		Mediastinal tumours
Infection	As for infant - toddler, and in addition
	Sinus disease
Trauma	As for infant - toddler
Chronic hypoxia	Pickwickian syndrome
	Ondines curse